The small number of studies included for each dietary factor in addition to risk of bias mark limitations to this analysis. Results indicating the beneficial effects of breastfeeding are in line with previous studies, while authors hypothesized the practice may protect against autoimmune diseases by transferring maternal antigens to the infant, thus enhancing its microbiota.īy breastfeeding, mothers may also delay the introduction of foods that could trigger an autoimmune reaction. “For IA, the association with cow's milk intake was of moderate certainty,” and certainty was rated as low for the remaining associations. “Associations between T1D and breastfeeding (≥ 6-12 versus < 6-12 months) and age at introduction to gluten, were rated with high certainty, and associations with exclusive breastfeeding, age at introduction to cow's milk, and fruit, with moderate certainty,” researchers said. Later introduction to gluten (3-6 versus An inverse association with T1D was observed for age at introduction to fruit (RR 0.47 95% CI, 0.25-0.86), with a similar tendency for age at introduction to vegetables (RR 0.73 95% CI, 0.33-1.63) and childhood intake of fruit juice (RR 0.62 95% CI, 0.08-4.79).For T1D, positive associations were observed in relation to childhood intake of meat, protein, and nitrite, with no heterogeneity between studies.Higher childhood intake of cow's milk products conferred an increased risk of both T1D and IA, with minor heterogeneity across studies.Later introduction to cow's milk (≥ 2-3 versus “The largest risk reduction was observed for ≥ 6-12 versus < 6-12 months of any breastfeeding (relative risk 0.39 95% Confidence Interval, 0.26-0.58 I2 = 43%),” authors wrote, adding neither breastfeeding nor use of infant formula were associated with IA. When it comes to breastfeeding, researchers found longer durations of any or exclusive breastfeeding were inversely associated with T1D. The majority of included studies were conducted in Europe and North America. Of the 5935 articles screened, a total of 96 were included in final analyses. In an effort to clarify the relationship between diet and T1D, investigators conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis by searching Medline (Ovid), Embase, and Cochrane Library (Wiley) from date of inception until October 2020 for relevant studies. However, previous studies have highlighted how diet may influence development of islet autoimmunity (IA) or T1D while “the observed associations are hypothetically explained by effects of diet on the maturation of gut microbiota, immune response, and prevention of oxidative stress.” “Despite decades of research, the role of environmental factors in the etiology of T1D remains unclear,” researchers explained.
Breastfeeding and late introduction of gluten, fruit, and cow’s milk may reduce the risk of type 1 diabetes (T1D) in infants, whereas high intake of cow’s milk may increase T1D risk, according to results of a systematic review and meta-analysis.
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